일본의 <도덕> 교과서와 내셔널리즘 - <수신>에서 <도덕>으로, 그리고 현재의 중학교 <도덕> 검정 교과서

• 영문명: “Morality” Textbooks in Japan and Nationalism : From “Moral Education”to “Morality”, with a Focus on the Present-day “Morality” Textbooks Approved for Junior High Schools
• 발행기관: 일본어문학회
• 저자명: 김경화(Kyung-Hwa Kim)
• 간행물 정보: 『일본어문학』第109輯, 263~286쪽, 전체 24쪽
• 주제분류: 어문학 > 일본어와문학
• 파일형태: PDF
• 발행일자: 2025.05.30

국문 초록

In 2018, the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology(MEXT) in Japan specified “Dōtoku (morality)” as a “special subject” in the national curriculum. This process means that moral education must be based on MEXT-approved textbooks and that students must be evaluated and graded in accordance with these textbooks. This move can be viewed as a revival of “Shūshin (= Moral Education)” of prewar Japan as well as an elevation of “Dōtoku (morality)”, which had been an “extracurricular activity” in postwar Japan. The nation-led Shūshin, based on the imperial Rescript on Education, which emphasized “loyalty to the emperor and patriotism”, was abolished after the war by the General Headquarters of the Allied Forces (GHQ), which regarded it as militaristic education. That form of moral education, which had been taboo in postwar Japan, revived as an “extracurricular activity” called Dōtoku, under the second revision of the Course of Study of the MEXT in 1958. This subject, Dōtoku, was nothing but an “extracurricular activity”, and the materials used were not textbooks but supplementary readers. Then, nearly sixty years later, in 2018, Dōtoku, which had been an extracurricular activity, was formally re-specified as a “special subject” that involves classroom instructions and student evaluations. In this paper, I first analyze the historical transition from Shūshin to Dōtoku, and then delve into the content of current junior high school Dōtoku textbooks. This analysis reveals that what underlies the subject Dōtoku in interaction with the structure of these present-day textbooks is the “Course of Study” specified by the MEXT. What is particularly emphasized in the Course of Study is a “consciousness of being Japanese” and “patriotism”. These two elements were also central to the objectives of Japanese education in prewar Shūshin and postwar Dōtoku as an “extracurricular activity”.

영문 초록

日本の文部科学省は、2018年、<道徳>を｢特別の教科｣として｢教科化｣した。｢教科化｣が意味するのは、文部科学省の審査を受けた検定教科書で授業を行い、さらにそれを基にして生徒らを成績で評価しなければならないということを意味する。 それは、戰前の道徳教育であった<修身>の復活で、また戦後｢教科外の活動｣として行われてきた<道徳>の格上げとも言えるだろう。｢忠君愛国｣の教育勅語に基づく国主導の<修身>は、戦後、連合国軍最高司令官総司令部(GHQ)により軍国主義教育とみなされ、廃止された。タブーだったその道徳教育は、1958年、文部科学省の第二次改訂｢学習指導要領｣により｢教科外の活動｣の<道徳>として復活された。その<道徳>はあくまで｢教科外の活動｣であり、使われたのも副読本であって教科書ではなかった。それからおよそ60年経った2018年、｢教科外の活動｣であった<道徳>が、授業を行い、成績を評価する｢特別の教科｣として｢教科化｣されたのである。 本論では、まず、<修身>から<道徳>への流れを捉えた上で、現在の中学の<道徳>教科書の内容にまで探ってみた。その結果、現在の中学の<道徳>教科書の構成と関わって大事に働き掛けているのは、文部科学省の｢学習指導要 領｣であることが窺えた。文部科学省の｢学習指導要領｣において最も強調されているのは、｢日本人としての自覚｣、そして｢愛国心｣であった。その｢日本人としての自覚｣および｢愛国心｣は、戦前の<修身>、また戦後の｢教科外の活動｣としての<道徳>においても徹底されてきた日本の教育の目的でもある。

목차

1. 서론

2. <도덕> 교과의 기원, <수신(修身)>

3. <수신> 이후, ‘교과 외 활동’으로서의 <도덕>

4. ‘특별 교과’로 격상된 <도덕> - 중학교 검정 교과서를 중심으로

5. 결론

참고문헌

키워드

도덕 도덕 교과서 검정 교과서 애국심 내셔널리즘 Morality Morality Textbook Approved Textbook Patriotism Nationalism 道徳 道徳教科書 検定教科書 愛国心 ナショナリズム