A Comparative Analysis of the Theories of “Ming” in Confucianism and Mohism

• 영문명: 儒墨“命”论比较探析
• 발행기관: ACADEMIC FRONTIERS PUBLISHING GROUP(AFP)
• 저자명: WANG Fuzhong
• 간행물 정보: 『Journal of Sinological Studies(JSS)』Vol.2 No.5, 73~84쪽, 전체 12쪽
• 주제분류: 인문학 > 역사학
• 파일형태: PDF
• 발행일자: 2025.05.31

국문 초록

In ancient China, the conceptual category of “Ming”(命) originated from religious thought. Initially, it had a strong sense of mysticism, regarded as a dominant arrangement of human affairs by Heaven or deities. During the Shang and Zhou dynasties, “Ming” was closely combined with royal power. However, with the continuous evolution of the idea of “Ming”, by the Spring and Autumn and Warring States periods, the “Ming” once seen as the will of Heaven had transformed in Confucianism into the “Tianming”(天命) of Confucius with the meaning of moral mission and Mencius' moral endowment, that is, “Xingming”(性命). Additionally, Confucius and Mencius acknowledged the existence of a destiny that objectively limits humans. Mozi, on the other hand, transformed the traditional “Tianming” thought into the idea of “Tianzhi”(天志) and proposed the view of “Feiming”(非命), believing that Heaven governs all and that there is no destiny independent of Heaven. In the context of the rise of humanism, the theories of “Ming” in both Confucianism and Mohism reflected the rise of human subjectivity, and they actively used the idea of “Tianming” to convey their respective moral concepts and social ideals. However, Confucianism and Mohism held different understandings of the connotation of “Tian” (天) and the resulting relationship between Heaven and humanity, leading to differences in their theories of “Ming”.

영문 초록

在中国古代，“命”这一概念范畴由宗教思想发展而来。起初，它带有浓厚的神秘主义色彩，被视作上帝上天或神灵对人事的一种主宰性安排。商周时期，“命”与王权紧密结合。然而，随着“命”思想的不断演进，到了春秋战国时代，原来被看作是上天旨意的“命”，在儒家已转变为孔子那种具有道德使命意味的“天命”以及孟子的道德禀赋之命，即“性命”。此外，孔孟也承认一种对人有着客观限制的命运的存在。而墨子则将传统“天命”思想改造为“天志”思想，并提出“非命”的观点，认为天主宰一切，在天之外不存在命。在人文主义兴起的背景下，儒墨两家的“命”论思想皆反映了人的主体性地位的上升，并积极借助“天命”思想传达各自的道德观念和社会理想。但是，儒墨对于“天”的内涵以及由此而来的天人关系存在着不同的理解，这导致儒墨“命”论思想也存在着差异。

목차

1 先秦“命”观念的思想演变

2 儒墨“命”观念意涵

3 儒墨“命”论之异同

4 儒墨“命”论思想异同的原因

5 结语

参考文献

키워드

Confucianism Mohism Ming Feiming Tianming 儒家 墨家 命 非命：天命