海防思想的转型：从“以陆为守”到“决胜海上”的清末烟台实践

• 영문명: The Transformation of Maritime Defense Thought: From “Land-Based Defense” to “Winning at Sea”: The Late Qing Practice in Yantai
• 발행기관: YIXIN 출판사
• 저자명: Binbin Wu
• 간행물 정보: 『Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences』Vol.3 No.8, 1~9쪽, 전체 9쪽
• 주제분류: 사회과학 > 교육학
• 파일형태: PDF
• 발행일자: 2025.11.30

국문 초록

Yantai, strategically located at the throat of the Bohai Strait, serves as a vital gateway to the capital region and a key hub for overseas connections. In modern Chinese history, foreign powers repeatedly invaded Yantai, sharply highlighting its strategic significance. To resist foreign aggression and protect the capital, the late Qing government continuously strengthened Yantai’s defenses over several decades—expanding military forces, reforming the naval system, constructing forts and naval ports, and founding the Beiyang Fleet — thus establishing Yantai as a central hub in the Beiyang maritime defense system. Focusing on Yantai’s maritime defense construction in the late Qing period, this paper systematically traces the evolution of Qing maritime defense thought from the Opium War to the Sino-Japanese War of 1894 –1895, drawing on sources such as Qing Shilu (Veritable Records of the Qing), Chouban Yiwu Shimo (Comprehensive Records of Foreign Affairs), and local gazetteers. The study finds that the early “land-based defense” strategy, represented by Tuohunbu and Wenyu, remained confined within traditional coastal-guard thinking, rendering maritime defense largely ineffective. It was not until Ding Baozhen’s tenure as Governor of Shandong that efforts were made to reorganize the navy, build fortifications, and establish machine bureaus from a modern perspective, marking a shift from “defending the land” to “guarding the sea.” Under Li Hongzhang’s supervision of the Beiyang maritime defense, Yantai was incorporated into the Beiyang Fleet system, forming, together with Weihaiwei, a modern defensive network centered on fleets, forts, and naval bases—thereby realizing the strategic concept of “winning at sea.” Although the defeat in the Sino-Japanese War hindered its full realization, the evolution of Yantai’s maritime defense vividly embodies the late Qing’s historical transition from land-based defense to an emerging consciousness of sea power.

영문 초록

烟台，地扼渤海海峡要冲，是进出京畿、沟通海外的重地。近代史上，外国列强多次入侵烟台，其战略地位骤然凸显。为抵御外侮、屏蔽京畿，晚清政府在数十年间不断强化烟台防务，增加兵力，改革水师，修建炮台与军港，创建北洋海军，形成了以烟台为北洋海防枢纽的重要格局。本文以清末烟台海防建设为中心，结合《清实录》《筹办夷务始末》及地方志等史料，系统梳理从鸦片战争至甲午战争期间清廷海防思想的演变轨迹。研究发现，早期以托浑布、文煜为代表的“以陆为守”策略，仍囿于传统岸防与守势思维，致使海防形同虚设；至丁宝桢任山东巡抚后，始以近代化视野整编水师、修筑炮台、设立机器局，推动海防由“守陆”向“御海”转型。李鸿章督办北洋海防后，烟台被纳入北洋舰队体系，与威海卫共同构建以舰队—炮台—军港为核心的近代化防御网络，实现了“决胜海上”的战略构想。尽管甲午之败使其未臻完善，但烟台海防的演进过程充分体现了清末海防思想由陆权防御向海权意识的历史性转折。

목차

Ⅰ. 引言

Ⅱ. 鸦片战争前的烟台海防概况

Ⅲ. 两次鸦片战争时期的烟台海防

Ⅳ. 第二次鸦片战争后至70 年代中期的烟台海防路径

Ⅴ. 七十年代中后期至甲午战争时期的烟台海防

Ⅵ. 结语

参考文献

키워드

Yantai maritime defense thought Ding Baozhen Li Hongzhang Beiyang Fleet 烟台 海防思想 丁宝桢 李鸿章 北洋海军