Survivors of War: Architecture before the 21st century

Architecture before the 21st century

이상미 지음

유럽문화예술콘텐츠연구소 2022년 11월 15일 출간

작품소개

책소개

프랑스, 영국, 독일, 러시아, 이탈리아 그리고 그외 유럽에 있는 42개 건축물을 중심으로 세계사의 중요한 전환점이 된 전쟁의 역사를 살펴본다. 로마시대부터 냉전시대에 이르기까지 고대와 현대의 전쟁사를 아우르면서, 관광 명소뿐만 아니라 우리에게 잘 알려지지 않은 전쟁 대비용 성이나 요새까지 두루 소개하며 건축물에 얽힌 전쟁 이야기를 들려준다. 건축물만큼 인간과 오랜 시간을 함께하며 삶과 밀접하게 관련된 대상도 드물다. 그럼에도 우리는 건축물의 아름다움은 쉽게 찬양하지만 여기에 숨겨진 뒷이야기, 특히 인류의 역사에서 커다란 부분을 차지하는 전쟁의 역사에 관해서는 잘 알지 못한다.

인류의 역사는 전쟁의 역사라고 해도 과언이 아니다. 전쟁에 직접적으로 쓰였든 그렇지 않았든, 지은 지 오래된 건축물엔 어느 한 구석에라도 전쟁의 흔적이 새겨지지 않은 경우가 드물다. 세계사를 비롯해 전쟁사와 건축사를 각각 다룬 책은 적지 않지만, 전쟁과 건축을 중심으로 세계사를 살펴보는 책은 많지 않다는 점에서 이 책은 새로운 시각을 제공한다. 침묵하지만 ‘전쟁의 생존자’나 다름없는 건축은 마치 한 생명체처럼 다가오기도 한다. 전쟁은 잊히는 반면, 건축물은 부서지고 깨어져도 지금까지 살아남아 우리에게 지난한 전쟁의 역사를 증언하기 때문이다.

목차

I. CONTACT INFORMATION 3

II. BOOK DESCRIPTION 7

III. AUTHOR BIO 8

IV. FULL MANUSCRIT 10
1. PREFACE 11

2. FRANCE 13
2-1. THE LOUVRE MUSEUM 14
2-2. CASTLE OF RAMBOUILLET 26
2-3. PALACE OF VERSAILLES 30
2-4. LES INVALIDES 36
2-5. ARC DE TRIOMPHE DE L'ÉTOILE 42
2-6. THE EIFFEL TOWER 48
2-7. MAGINOT LINE 54

3. UK 61
3-1. THE TOWER OF LONDON 62
3-2. WESTMINSTER ABBEY 69
3-3. WINDSOR CASTLE 76
3-4. DOVER CASTLE 83
3-5. CARLISLE CASTLE 90
3-6. EDINBURGH CASTLE 97
3-7. TRAFALGAR SQUARE 104
3-8. THE BRITISH MUSEUM 110

4. GERMANY 117
4-1. DRESDNER FRAUENKIRCHE 118
4-2. HEIDELBERG CASTLE 125
4-3. THE BERLIN WALL 132
4-4. BRANDENBURG GATE 140
4-5. VICTORY COLUMN 146
4-6. KAISER WILHELM MEMORIAL CHURCH 152
4-7. NEW GUARDHOUSE / NEUE WACHE 157

5. RUSSIA 165
5-1. RED SQUARE 166
5-2. THE KREMLIN PALACE 171
5-3. HERMITAGE MUSEUM 177
5-4. PETER AND PAUL FORTRESS 183

6. ITALY 189
6-1. THE COLOSSEUM 190
6-2. TRIUMPHAL ARCH OF TITUS 197
6-3. ARCH OF CONSTANTINE 202
6-4. THE MONASTERY OF MONTE CASSINO 207
6-5. CASTEL SANT’ANGELO 213
6-6. ST. MARK’S BASILICA 218

7. OTHER 225
7-1. HAGIA SOPHIA 226
7-2. WALLS OF CONSTANTINOPLE 233
7-3. STARI MOST 240
7-4. SCHӦNBRUNN PALACE 246
7-5. MAUTHAUSEN CONCENTRATION CAMP 252
7-6. THE PARTHENON 258
7-7. HOUSE OF ANNE FRANK 266
7-8. FORTRESS OF SUOMENNLINA 274
7-9. PRAGUE CASTLE 280
7-10. WILANÓW PALACE 287
7-11. TOWN OF GUERNICA 293
7-12. PRADO MUSEUM OF ART 299

8. COPYRIGHT 305

책 속으로

"The Louvre Museum’s war history centers around the famous Napoleon Bonaparte (1769-1821). Napoleon entered the Paris Military Academy (École Militaire) in 1784 and within a year, he was commissioned as an artillery lieutenant. He took office as deputy commander of the Corsica National Army during the French Revolution in 1789. With the success of the November 1799 coup d’état, Napoleon became a powerful figure of authority and eventually went on to become the emperor of France’s first empire from 1804 to 1815. Although he suffered a crushing defeat at the hands of the British Royal Navy at the Battle of Trafalgar, Napoleon nevertheless conquered the Continent by bringing down the Prussian and Russian empires and defeating Austria, which effectively dissolved the Holy Roman Empire."
- THE LOUVRE MUSEUM, 18p


"Edward IV of the victorious House of York was crowned king, and Henry VI was executed in the Tower of London. Later, when Edward IV died after more than a decade of rule, his 12-year old son Edward V was crowned king in 1483, but just two months after he ascended the throne, the young king went missing along with his brother, Richard of Shrewsbury, the Duke of York. In 1674, workmen repairing the stairs of the White Tower of the Tower of London, found a box containing the remains of two children, presumed to be the remains of the two brothers. Eventually, the Wars of the Roses concluded with the death of Richard III in the Battle of Bosworth Field, thus opening up the era of the House of Tudors, who ruled the Kingdoms of England and Ireland under five monarchs, and the accession of Henry VII."
- THE TOWER OF LONDON, 65p


"Home to 127 factories and industries, Dresden was the seventh largest German city and the center of telecommunications and manufacturing by the 20th century. For this reason, this important industrial city became an obvious target for Allies during World War II. From February 13 to February 15 in 1945, 722 British Air Force bombers and 527 U.S. Army Air Force bombers flew over Dresden and dropped more than 3,900 tons of bombs upon the beautiful city. The heat generated by bombings and bombs created a firestorm throughout Dresden. This tragic bombing destroyed 90% of Dresden and killed about 25,000 innocent civilians. The Church of Our Lady endured two days of Allied bombing, but eventually succumbed at 10 a.m. on February 15 to the heat generated 650,000 incendiary bombs that fell on the city. This was mainly because the material of the church, sandstone, was particularly vulnerable to heat."
- DRESDNER FRAUENKIRCHE, 121p


"With the outbreak of World War I in 1914, the last Tsar of the Romanov dynasty of Russia, Nicholas II (1868-1918), had 15 million soldiers jump into the battlefield in order to mollify the people's discontent. Sadly, due to the incapacity of the commanders, 800,000 Russians were defeated by the far fewer 160,000 Germans in the Battle of Tannenberg. Due to the void left by the mass of young men taken into war, the labor force in Russia rapidly deteriorated, which in turn resulted in greater suffering for the people. The prolonged period of such dire circumstances and hardships during World War I, the last dynasty of Russia collapsed after the February and October Revolutions of 1917, upon which, the Soviet regime was established."
- HERMITAGE MUSEUM, 180p


"The name "Colosseum" comes from the Latin word Colossale, which means "colossal." It is believed that the Colosseum’s name came from its location near to a 30-meter-tall colossal statue of Emperor Nero that no longer exists. The enormous amphitheater is 188 meters in diameter, 156 meters in length, 527 meters in circumference and 48 meters in height. Made of four arcaded stories, this single structure exhibits all three architectural styles of Greece and Rome. The ground level is made of columns in the simple and heavy Doric order, the second story is made in the soft and delicate Ionic order, and the third and fourth stories are made in the slender and decorative Corinthian order. Marble decorates the outer walls while wood and reddish sand covers the stadium’s floor in order to disguise the blood that was spilt from the violent games that took place there."
- THE COLOSSEUM, 192p


"The official symbol of UNESCO is modeled on the Parthenon. The reason for this is because the Parthenon is representative of UNESCO’s efforts to protect cultural treasures. In order to prevent further damage due natural disasters, time, and wars, UNESCO designated the Parthenon as World Heritage Site No.I. There have been renovations amde throughout the temple, but different marble colors were used to differentiate between the original and repaired columns. To reach this temple, which sits atop the Acropolis, visitors need to pass by many other sites. Among them, Herodes Atticus Theater, is an outdoor theater located on the southwest part of the Acropolis. Parts of the Parthenon are displayed in the British Museum in London, England. When will they return to their original home?"
- THE PARTHENON, 258p

출판사 서평

The idea for this book, the war histories of famous architectural buildings and sites, came to me during an ordinary visit to the Louvre Museum. As an art history graduate student and then after, an aspiring curator working in Paris, I was a frequent visitor of the Louvre. Regrettably, it was only after a dozen or so visits that I finally found my way to the less crowded basement floor, where I came upon the preserved ruins of the museum’s original architecture: a medieval fortress. This discovery of the Louvre’s genesis struck me. Aside from the well-known fact that it had once been the palace that the Sun King abandoned in favor of his new Versailles residence, I had never given much thought to the Louvre’s history due to my preoccupation with the many histories it exhibits. It was fascinating to think that this representative museum of Art with a capital ‘A’ was once a twelfth-century fortress that provided military defense for the city of Paris in times of war.
A quick online search further uncovered the Louvre’s history of war. As it turns out, war was responsible for both the Louvre’s beginnings as a fortress as well as its modern-day identity as the home for art objects from all over the world. War was not a chapter in the Louvre’s story, but a main thread woven into its identity. Interestingly, this not only holds true for the Louvre, but many landmarks and cultural sites throughout Europe.

Years later, I had the opportunity to write about this connection between famous architecture and war. The Kookbang-ilbo, or the National Defense Daily approached me in early 2019 to propose I write for their Arts and Culture section. I suggested this topic and the first installment of the column “War as told by Architecture,” The Louvre Museum, was published on July 15 later that year. 17 months, 76 installments, and 75 architectures later, these columns became the seed for this book.

This passion project revisits the histories of war tucked away in the attics, or in the case of the Louvre, the basement of these buildings. Countless places usually seen through rose-colored glasses bear painful memories and permanent scars behind their façades. Their stories prompt a reconsideration of these sites beyond their attraction as tourist spots and reflection on the impact of war on people as well as the walls that surround, defend, shelter, represent, fail and at times, imprison.

Survivors of War: Architecture before the 21st century is not an exhaustive history of Europe’s wars or architecture. The chosen sites are organized by countries, which have been narrowed down to some of the most famous locations in France, Italy, England, Germany, Russia, Spain, Poland, Austria, Czech Republic, Finland, the Netherlands, Turkey, Syria, Bosnia–Herzegovina, and Greece in no particular order. The first five chapters are each assigned to a country, while the last chapter groups architectural sites in multiple countries. The latter was organized in this way because these countries had less than three sites that I decided to include in this book. There are many palaces, bridges, fortresses, towers, and plazas with fascinating war stories that did not make it into this book, but that I hope to write about one day. To begin, here are the stories of those that are sure to capture any reader’s interest.

작가정보

저자(글) 이상미

2009년 파리 고등예술연구원IESA 예술경영학과를, 2012년 파리 고등연구실습원EPHE 서양예술사와 고고학 석사과정을 모두 최우수생으로 졸업하고, 2014년 파리 사회과학고등연구원EHESS 예술과 언어 박사과정을 수료하는 등 프랑스에서 예술 전반의 기본기를 닦았다. 2010년 프랑스 정부 산하 문화통신부에서 프랑스 문화재 감정과 문화재 서비스 전문가 자격증을 취득했다.

학업을 마친 뒤 파리의 현대미술 갤러리와 감정사 연구소, 유럽 상위의 미술 경매 회사 등에서 다년간 쌓은 현장 실무 경험을 바탕으로 급변하는 미술시장에 대처하는 실질적인 노하우를 익혔다. 2016년 이상미술연구소를 설립해 문화재와 예술 작품 등 다양한 분야에서 개인과 집단의 문화 활동이나 문화유산이 경제적 가치와 특정한 정치적 입장 등에 따라 획일화되는 것을 막는 전문 관리자의 역할을 수행하고 있다.

현재는 전시기획사인 이상아트(주)의 대표이사이자 전시 공간인 이상아트 스페이스를 운영하면서 국내 작가들에게 다양한 전시 기회를 제공하며 예술감독, 전시기획자, 칼럼니스트, 작가, 강연자 등으로 활발한 대외 활동을 펼치고 있다.