허버트 스펜서의 생물학의 원리 책 제2권. The Book of The Principles of Biology, Volume 2 (of 2), by Herbert Spencer

Herbert Spencer 지음

뉴가출판사 2022년 02월 02일 출간

작품소개

책소개

허버트 스펜서의 생물학의 원리 책 제2권. The Book of The Principles of Biology, Volume 2 (of 2), by Herbert Spencer
제1권과는 달리 제2권에는 많은 식물의 그림이 삽입됨.
THE PRINCIPLES OF
BIOLOGY
BY
HERBERT SPENCER
IN TWO VOLUMES
VOL. II
REVISED AND ENLARGED EDITION
1899
NEW YORK
D. APPLETON AND COMPANY
1900
COPYRIGHT, 1867, 1899,
BY D. APPLETON AND COMPANY.

이책은 1899년도 당시의 영국의 생물학적인 여러 분야를 정리해서 책으로 만듬 그리고 제1권은 생물의 대사및 진화분야 등등을 다룸. 제2권은 형태학적인 발달과 생리학적인 발달 그리고 번식의법칙등을 다룸. 자세한 것은 목차를 따라서 본문에서 확인요함.

스펜서는 헉슬리 그리고 닥터훅거 등에게 서문에서 감사를 표시하고 서문의 여러 책들을 독학해서 책을 만듬.

허버트 스펜서의 책인 종합철학체계 The Synthetic Philosophy (전10권)는 1860년 개요를 발표하고 1896년까지 36년간 발표. 제1권 제1원리 First Principles (1862), 제2,3권 생물학 원리 Principles of Biology (1864-1867), 제4,5권 심리학 원리 Principles of Psychology (1870-1872), 제6,7,8권 사회학 원리 Principles of Sociology (1876-1896), 제9,10권 윤리학 원리 Principles of Ethics (1879-1893) 등 순차적으로 간행된 대저서로서, 우주의 생성에서부터 인간사회의 도덕원리 전개에 까지의 모든 것을 진화(evolution)의 원리에 따라 조직적으로 기술. 이는 다윈의 종의 기원(1859)의 생물 진화론을 중심으로 하는 다윈주의 운동과 결합하여 1870년대 후에 더 진보된 지식을 전함.

목차

허버트 스펜서의 생물학의 원리 책 제2권. The Book of The Principles of Biology, Volume 2 (of 2), by Herbert Spencer

CONTENTS OF VOL. II.
PART IV.―MORPHOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENT.
CHAP. PAGE
I.― THE PROBLEMS OF MORPHOLOGY 3

II.― THE MORPHOLOGICAL COMPOSITION OF PLANTS 17

III.― THE MORPHOLOGICAL COMPOSITION OF PLANTS―Continued 37

IV.― THE MORPHOLOGICAL COMPOSITION OF ANIMALS 85

V.― THE MORPHOLOGICAL COMPOSITION OF ANIMALS―Continued 111

VI.― MORPHOLOGICAL DIFFERENTIATION IN PLANTS 128

VII.― THE GENERAL SHAPES OF PLANTS 134

VIII.― THE SHAPES OF BRANCHES 145

IX.― THE SHAPES OF LEAVES 152

X.― THE SHAPES OF FLOWERS 161

XI.― THE SHAPES OF VEGETAL CELLS 175

XII.― CHANGES OF SHAPE OTHERWISE CAUSED 178

XIII.― MORPHOLOGICAL DIFFERENTIATION IN ANIMALS 183

XIV.― THE GENERAL SHAPES OF ANIMALS 186

XV.― THE SHAPES OF VERTEBRATE SKELETONS 209

XVI.― THE SHAPES OF ANIMAL CELLS 228

XVII.― SUMMARY OF MORPHOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENT 231

PART V.―PHYSIOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENT.
I.― THE PROBLEMS OF PHYSIOLOGY 239

II.― DIFFERENTIATIONS BETWEEN THE OUTER AND INNER TISSUES OF PLANTS 244

III.― DIFFERENTIATIONS AMONG THE OUTER TISSUES OF PLANTS 251[xii]

IV.― DIFFERENTIATIONS AMONG THE INNER TISSUES OF PLANTS 272

V.― PHYSIOLOGICAL INTEGRATION IN PLANTS 292

VI.― DIFFERENTIATIONS BETWEEN THE OUTER AND INNER TISSUES OF ANIMALS 299

VII.― DIFFERENTIATIONS AMONG THE OUTER TISSUES OF ANIMALS 309

VIII.― DIFFERENTIATIONS AMONG THE INNER TISSUES OF ANIMALS 323

IX.― PHYSIOLOGICAL INTEGRATION IN ANIMALS 373

X.― SUMMARY OF PHYSIOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENT 384

XA.― THE INTEGRATION OF THE ORGANIC WORLD 396

PART VI.―LAWS OF MULTIPLICATION.
I.― THE FACTORS 411

II.― ？ PRIORI PRINCIPLE 417

III.― OBVERSE ？ PRIORI PRINCIPLE 424

IV.― DIFFICULTIES OF INDUCTIVE VERIFICATION 432

V.― ANTAGONISM BETWEEN GROWTH AND ASEXUAL GENESIS 439

VI.― ANTAGONISM BETWEEN GROWTH AND SEXUAL GENESIS 448

VII.― THE ANTAGONISM BETWEEN DEVELOPMENT AND GENESIS, ASEXUAL AND SEXUAL 461

VIII.― ANTAGONISM BETWEEN EXPENDITURE AND GENESIS 467

IX.― COINCI

출판사 서평

허버트 스펜서의 생물학의 원리 책 제2권. The Book of The Principles of Biology, Volume 2 (of 2), by Herbert Spencer

PREFACE
TO THE REVISED AND ENLARGED EDITION OF VOL. II.
To the statements made in the preface to the first volume of this revised edition, there must here be added a few having special reference to this second volume.
One of them is that the revision has not been carried out in quite the same way, but in a way somewhat less complete. When reviewing the first volume a friendly critic, Prof. Lloyd Morgan, said:―
“But though the intellectual weight has also been augmented, it is an open question whether it would not have been wiser to leave intact a treatise, &c... relegating corrections and additions to notes and appendices.”
I think that Prof. Morgan is right. Though at the close of the preface to volume I, I wrote:―“in all sections not marked as new, the essential ideas set forth are the same as they were in the original edition of 1864,” yet the reader who has not read this statement, or does not bear it in mind, will suppose that all or most of the enunciated conceptions are of recent date, whereas only a small part of them are. I have therefore decided to follow, in this second volume, a course somewhat like that suggested by Prof. Morgan―somewhat like, I say, because in sundry cases the amendments could not be satisfactorily made by appended notes.
[vi]
But there has been a further reason for this change of method. An invalid who is nearly eighty cannot with prudence enter upon work which will take long to complete. Hence I have thought it better to make the needful alterations and additions in ways requiring relatively moderate time and labour.
The additions made to this volume are less numerous and less important than those made to the first volume. A new chapter ending Part V, on “The Integration of the Organic World,” serves to round off the general theory of Evolution in its application to living things. Beyond a new section (§ 289a) and the various foot-notes, serving chiefly the purpose of elucidation, there are notes of some significance appended to Chapters I, III, IV, and V, in Part IV, Chapters V and VIII, in Part V, and Chapters IX, X, and XII in Part VI. Moreover there are three further appendices, D2, F, and G, which have, I think, considerable significance as serving to make clearer some of the views expressed in the body of the work.
Turning from the additions to the revisions, I have to say that the aid needed for bringing up to date the contents of this volume, has been given me by the gentlemen who gave me like aid in revising the first volume: omitting Prof. Perkin, within whose province none of the contents of this volume fall. Plant-Morphology and Plant-Physiology have been overseen by Mr. A. G. Tansley. Criticisms upon parts dealing with Animal Morphology I owe to Mr. J. T. Cunningham and Prof. E. W. MacBride. And the statements included under Animal Physiology have been checked by Mr. W. B. Hardy.
[vii]
For reasons like those named in the preface to the first volume, I have not submitted the proofs of this revised second volume to these gentlemen: a fact which it is needful to name, since one or other of them might else be held responsible for some error which is not his but mine. It is the more requisite to say this because while, in respect of matters of fact, I have, save in one or two cases, accepted their corrections as not to be questioned, I have not always done this in respect of matters of inference, but in sundry places have adhered to my own interpretations.

작가정보

저자(글) Herbert Spencer

허버트 스펜서의 생물학의 원리 책 제2권. The Book of The Principles of Biology, Volume 2 (of 2), by Herbert Spencer

영국의 학자. 허버트 스펜서 (1820년-1903년, 영국의 작가
THE PRINCIPLES OF
BIOLOGY
BY
HERBERT SPENCER
IN TWO VOLUMES
VOL. II
REVISED AND ENLARGED EDITION
1899
NEW YORK
D. APPLETON AND COMPANY
1900
COPYRIGHT, 1867, 1899,
BY D. APPLETON AND COMPANY.



Perhaps I may be excused for expressing some satisfaction that I have not been obliged to relinquish the views set forth in 1864？7. The hypothesis of physiological units―or, as I would now call them, constitutional units―has been adopted by several zoologists under modified forms. So far as I am aware, the alleged general law of organic symmetry has not called forth any manifestations of dissent. The suggested theory of vertebrate structure appears to have become current; and from the investigations of the late Prof. Cope, has received verification. The conclusions drawn in Part VI on “The Laws of Multiplication,” have not, I believe, been controverted. And though only some works on botany have given currency to the doctrine set forth in Appendix C, “On Circulation and the Formation of Wood in Plants,” yet I have met with no attempt to disprove it. The only views contested by certain of the gentlemen above named, are those concerning the origin of the two great phænogamic types of plants, and the origin of the annulose type of animals. I have not, however,―perhaps because of natural bias―found myself compelled[viii] to surrender these views. My reasons for adhering to them will be found in notes to the ends of Chapters III and IV in Part IV, and in Appendix D2.
On now finally leaving biological studies, it remains only to say that I am glad I have survived long enough to give this work its finished form.
BRIGHTON,
October, 1899.

________________________________________
[ix]
PREFACE TO VOL. II.
The proof sheets of this volume, like those of the last volume, have been looked through by Dr. Hooker and Prof. Huxley; and I have, as before, to t