Environmental and Low-Temperature Geochemistry

Peter Ryan 지음

Wiley-Blackwell 2019년 10월 21일 출간

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책소개

Environmental and Low-Temperature Geochemistry presents conceptual and quantitative principles of geochemistry in order to foster understanding of natural processes at and near the earth’s surface, as well as anthropogenic impacts and remediation strategies. It provides the reader with principles that allow prediction of concentration, speciation, mobility and reactivity of elements and compounds in soils, waters, sediments and air, drawing attention to both thermodynamic and kinetic controls. The scope includes atmosphere, terrestrial waters, marine waters, soils, sediments and rocks in the shallow crust; the temporal scale is present to Precambrian, and the spatial scale is nanometers to local, regional and global. This second edition of Environmental and Low-Temperature Geochemistry provides the most up-to-date status of the carbon cycle and global warming, including carbon sources, sinks, fluxes and consequences, as well as emerging evidence for (and effects of) ocean acidification. Understanding environmental problems like this requires knowledge based in fundamental principles of equilibrium, kinetics, basic laws of chemistry and physics, empirical evidence, examples from the geological record, and identification of system fluxes and reservoirs that allow us to conceptualize and understand. This edition aims to do that with clear explanations of fundamental principles of geochemistry as well as information and approaches that provide the student or researcher with knowledge to address pressing questions in environmental and geological sciences. New content in this edition includes: Focus Boxes one every two or three pages providing case study examples (e.g. methyl isocyanate in Bhopal, origins and health effects of asbestiform minerals), concise explanations of fundamental concepts (e.g. balancing chemical equations, isotopic fractionation, using the Keq to predict reactivity), and useful information (

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Preface xiii Acknowledgements xv 1 Background and Basic Chemical Principles: Elements, Ions, Bonding, Reactions 1 1.1 An Overview of Environmental Geochemistry History, Scope, Questions, Approaches, Challenges for the Future 1 1.2 The Naturally Occurring Elements Origins and Abundances 3 1.3 Atoms, Isotopes, and Valence Electrons 6 1.4 Measuring Concentrations 8 1.5 Periodic Table 12 1.6 Ions, Molecules, Valence, Bonding, Chemical Reactions 13 1.7 Acid Base Equilibria, PH, K Values 18 1.8 Fundamentals of Redox Chemistry 20 1.9 Chemical Reactions 22 1.10 Equilibrium, Thermodynamics, and Driving Forces for Reactions: Systems, Gibbs Energies, Enthalpy and Heat Capacity, Entropy, Volume 23 1.11 Kinetics and Reaction Rates 31 Questions 35 References 36 2 Surficial and Environmental Mineralogy 39 2.1 Introduction to Minerals and Unit Cells 39 2.2 Ion Coordination, Pauling’s Rules, and Ionic Substitution 41 2.3 Silicates 46 2.4 Clay Minerals (1 : 1 and 2 : 1 Minerals, Interstratified Clays) 55 2.5 Crystal Chemistry of Adsorption and Cation Exchange 60 2.6 Low-Temperature Non-Silicate Minerals: Carbonates, Oxides and Hydroxides, Sulfides, Sulfates, Salts 64 2.7 Mineral Growth and Dissolution 68 2.8 Biomineralization 72 Questions 72 References 73 3 Organic Compounds in the Environment 75 3.1 Introduction to Organic Chemistry: Chains and Rings, Single, Double, and Triple Bonds, Functional Groups, Classes of Organic Compounds, Organic Nomenclature 75 3.2 Natural Organic Compounds at the Earth Surface 87 3.3 Fate and Transport of Organic Pollutants, Controls on Bioavailability, Behavior of DNAPLS and LNAPLS, Biodegradation, Remediation 88 3.4 Summary 96 Questions 96 References 97 4 Aqueous Systems and Water Chemis

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저자(글) Peter Ryan

PETER RYAN is Professor of Geology and Environmental Studies at Middlebury College where he teaches courses in environmental geochemistry, hydrology, sedimentary geology and interdisciplinary environmental studies. He received a Ph.D. in geology at Dartmouth College, an M.S. in geology from the University of Montana and a B.A. in earth sciences from Dartmouth College. He has served as Director of the Program in Environmental Studies and as Chair of the Department of Geology at Middlebury College. His research interests fall into two main areas: (1) understanding the geological and mineralogical controls on trace element speciation, particularly the occurrence and mobility of arsenic and uranium in bedrock aquifers; and (2) the temporal evolution of soils in the tropics, with emphasis on mechanisms and rates of mineralogical reactions, nutrient cycling and application of soil geochemical analysis to correlation and geological interpretation.